hwa-byung

1: Taehan Kanho Hakhoe Chi. 2003 Feb;33(1):104-12. Related Articles, Links

[Exploring the nature of "hwa-byung" using pragmatics]

[Article in Korean]

Khim SY, Lee CS.

College of Nursing Korea University, Korea. asyk@korea.ac.kr

PURPOSE: While most psychiatrists diagnose Hwa-Byung as a chronic psychogenic disorder associated with familial, financial and personality, the purpose of study was to shed light on the nature of Hwa-Byung through pragmatics. Hwa-Byung is characterized as 'Hwa' which means fire 'Byung' which means disease. This condition cannot be empirically experienced, rather it is represented by suffering internally (in the mind). It also could find an aspect of somatization, and self-diagnosing. METHOD: As patients themselves diagnose Hwa-Byung, pragmatical approach was taken to analyze the context of the learning through their communication with others. The case examples resulted from in-depth telephone counseling with a client who is housewife with Hwa-Byung over a period of time at the Women's Hot Line. RESULT: The study showed that the client experienced continuous improper attacks by her husband. She expressed improperness by applying her personal emotions to social-justice reasoning. CONCLUSION: 'Hwa' means lack of mutual intimacy in this research. By expressing this 'Hwa', the client would like to recover mutual intimacy with her husband.

PMID: 15314470 [PubMed - in process]


2: Health Care Women Int. 2002 Jun;23(4):389-97. Related Articles, Links

The conceptual structure of hwa-byung in middle-aged Korean women.

Park YJ, Kim HS, Schwartz-Barcott D, Kim JW.

College of Nursing, Korea University, Seoul. yjpark@korea.ac.kr

The term hwa-byung (HB) as a culture-bound syndrome of Koreans has been used to refer to certain types of symptom complexes. However, there is an ambiguity in relation to what sorts of experiences and personal attributes can be identified for describing HB. Our study was designed to reexamine the conceptual structure of HB through a qualitative analysis of interview data with six middle-aged women experiencing HB. The emerging common themes of HB were identified in three dimensions: (a) those related to personal attributes or life situations such as quick-temperedness, strong commitment to traditional values, a hard or unhappy life, and conflicted marital relationship; (b) those related to experiential accounts such as deep sorrow (hahn in Korean), a feeling of victimization, anger, and enduring; and (c) HB symptoms. "Enduring" as one of the core concepts of HB viewed as the only way of life for these women needs further examination.

PMID: 12148916 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


3: J Transcult Nurs. 2001 Apr;12(2):115-22. Related Articles, Links

A survey of Hwa-Byung in middle-age Korean women.

Park YJ, Kim HS, Kang HC, Kim JW.

College of Nursing, Korea University, Seoul.

Hwa-Byung (HB) has been categorized as a Korean culture-bound syndrome that refers to insidious, long-standing, serious discontent that is projected into the body and is manifested by numerous symptoms such as insomnia, fatigue, panic, palpitations, dyspnea, and others. This study was designed to investigate the prevalence rate of HB in Korean women, validate the predominant symptoms of HB, and validate the related sociodemographic factors and lifestyle factors that differentiate women with HB from those without HB. A total of 2,807 women ages 41 to 65 years were recruited from seven metropolitan areas and six provinces in Korea. The prevalence rate of women who designated themselves as having experienced HB was 4.95%. The rates were higher in women of low socioeconomic status, living in rural areas, among the divorced or separated, smokers, and drinkers. A set of 31 HB symptoms differentiated the potential HB women from the non-HB women.

PMID: 11989228 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


4: J Nerv Ment Dis. 1992 Jun;180(6):386-91. Related Articles, Links

Hwa-byung. A community study of Korean Americans.

Lin KM, Lau JK, Yamamoto J, Zheng YP, Kim HS, Cho KH, Nakasaki G.

One hundred nine Korean American community subjects were interviewed regarding their experiences with hwa-byung (HB), a Korean folk illness label commonly used by Koreans with a myriad of physiological and psychological complaints. During these interviews, standard instruments were also used to assess their depressive and somatic symptoms. The results indicated that a relatively high proportion (12%) of the subjects labeled themselves as having suffered from HB. While no apparent sociodemographic differences were found between HB and non-HB subjects, significantly more HB subjects fulfilled the diagnosis of DSM-III major depression and also had previous diagnoses of depression. The HB subjects also had significantly higher scores for the total, depressive, and somatic subscales and 16 of the 20 individual items of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale. These data confirm previous observations of substantial overlap between HB and DSM-III major depression among Koreans and Korean Americans, and suggest that HB may be a culturally patterned way of expression for Koreans experiencing major depression and related conditions. The clinical and theoretical implications of these findings are also discussed.

PMID: 1593273 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


5: Am J Psychiatry. 1983 Sep;140(9):1267-9. Related Articles, Links

Is Hwa-Byung really Gahsum-Ari, and is it culture-bound?

[No authors listed]

Publication Types:

* Letter


PMID: 6614257 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]


6: Am J Psychiatry. 1983 Jan;140(1):105-7. Related Articles, Links

Hwa-Byung: a Korean culture-bound syndrome?

Lin KM.

The author reports three cases of Hwa-Byung, a Korean folk illness ordinarily understood by patients and families to be a physical affliction despite the fact that its manifestations include both physiological and psychological symptoms. In addition, the patient often recognizes interpersonal conflicts and anger as precipitating factors. In the three cases reported, the patients also identified an epigastric mass that was not present on physical examination. Symptoms were accompanied by a fear of impending death that was not easily dispelled by medical reassurance. The author discusses the role of depression in the symptom formation of Hwa-Byung as well as the treatment implications.

Publication Types:

* Case Reports


PMID: 6847969 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Terrible "Red Flag", a Japanese communist newspaper

日本　中国下し連覇/アジア杯サッカー

日本　中国下し連覇

アジア杯サッカー

---

　【北京＝小寺松雄】サッカーの第十三回アジア・カップの決勝が七日、当地の工人体育館で行われ、日本が３―１で中国を破り、一九九二年大会、二〇〇〇年大会に続く、二大会連続三度目のアジアチャンピオンとなりました。

　前半２２分、福西（磐田）のシュートで先制した日本は、１―１で迎えた後半２０分に中田浩（鹿島）が勝ち越しゴールを決め、終了間際に玉田（柏）が決定的な３点目を加えました。

---

中国側応援席からおめでとう合唱も

　試合終了のホイッスルが鳴ったときには、中国側スタンドから「残念」の思いを込めたうちわが飛び交いましたが、表彰式が始まるころには「クンシー（おめでとう）」の合唱の大歓声も起こりました。

　日本への「ブーイング戦争」が問題になった大会でしたが、決勝戦の決戦が終わってみると、やはりそこには国境を越えたスポーツの交流がありました。

　会場の電光掲示板には、「礼を持って客人に対そう」「文明的なサッカーファンになろう」という呼びかけが何度も映し出されていました。中国当局も警備に力を入れ、混乱もなく終わったのはやはりスポーツの持つ力といえます。日本の応援席にいた「母が日本人」と言うルンツェ清さん（２９）は「今日の試合での中国のブーイングも、スポーツの範囲内のことで安心して見ていられました」と日本の勝利を喜んでいました。

http://www.jcp.or.jp/akahata/aik3/2004-08-08/01_04.html

The evidence of own goal by chinese player

Evidence 1
Evidence 2

Japan had defended the title

Asian football bad-tempered, but making giant strides

August 8, 2004

BEIJING (AFP) - With 17 sending offs the Asian Cup was a bad-tempered affair, but it also showcased the giant strides the continent is making to match the top teams of the world.
While lacking the star power of Euro 2004, Asia's premier football tournament had plenty of spark. Coaches were sacked, fans got ugly, players brawled and politics were dragged into the mix.

The three-week festival ended Saturday with Japan defending their title against China, overcoming an intimidating atmosphere to win 3-1 courtesy of a highly controversial goal that Koji Nakata appeared to scoop in with his hand.

Dubious refereeing decisions marred the tournament, with one referee, Bahraini Abdul Rahman, sent home after an erratic display of officiating.

The championships produced 94 goals, edge-of-the seat thrillers and evidence that the game in Asia is pushing the barriers in its drive to be recognised as a competitive force on the global stage.

"It is a fact that most of the teams have made rapid improvement since four years ago and this is the most competitive and best tournament in Asian Cup history," said Chinese veteran Li Ming, who was competing in his fourth Asian Cup.

While broadcast to record television audiences around the world, it received a mixed reception in China, the first time the world's most populous country has hosted the premier Asian football event.

The home team attracted crowds, but many games elsewhere were played before half empty stadiums and the behaviour of Chinese fans was called into question.

Peter Velappan, the general secretary of the Asian Football Confederation, lit the tournament fuse on the opening day, threatening to bar future AFC events from Beijing and even suggesting the city was not a suitable venue for the Olympics.

He was outraged after fans booed speeches by guests at the opening ceremony and spent the rest of the tournament trying to make amends.

In the end, China making the final proved a dream for the AFC, but it also brought headaches, with fans heckling Japan over the country's war-time past, drawing protests from politicians in Japan and China.

It threw security into the spotlight, although no violence was reported in any of the four host cities.

Tempers flared on the pitch though, with midfield brawls and 17 red cards in 32 games. Two Iranian players were suspended for slapping each other.

While China and Japan making the final was a fair bet, noone tipped Gulf minnows Bahrain to make the last four.

The tiny state, population just 680,000, set the tone with a last gasp equaliser to hold China in the opening game of the tournament and went on to display a never-say-die attitude as the competition surprise package.

Perhaps the biggest failure was highly fancied Saudi Arabia.

Recognised as one of Asia's top three teams, the Saudis had won the tournament three times and been runners up twice, including in Lebanon four years ago.

They came to China without playing any friendlies, so confident was Dutch coach Gerard Van Der Lem.

It all went horribly wrong, as they lost to Iraq and Uzbekistan and drew with lowly Turkmenistan to crash out at the group stage, with Van Der Lem paying for it with his job.

Experienced Frenchman Phillippe Troussier, who won the Asian Cup with Japan four years ago, was also sensationally sacked by Qatar after they lost their opening group match against Indonesia.

Iran's Ali Karimi once again proved he is a class act, scoring five goals to be tournament joint top scorer with A'ala Hubail of Baharin.

Meanwhile, legend Ali Daei, 35, played his last Asian Cup campaign, rounding off his tournament with two goals in Iran's 4-2 third place playoff victory over Bahrain.

Other players recognised by the AFC in their All Star team included Chinese defender Zheng Zhi, Japan's inspirational captain Tsuneyasu Miyamoto and Iran's dashing forward Mehdi Mahdavikia.

Overall, the level of football and the quality of goals won plaudits, surprising many.

"To tell you the truth, before I came to Asia, I didn't think Asian football was so good, but this Asian Cup has let me see the whole of Asian football," said Chinese coach Arie Haan.

"The level of Asian football is high.... I think the level of Asian football is moving forward," he said.

The next Asian Cup, in 2007, will be jointly hosted by Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam.

Updated on Sunday, Aug 8, 2004 6:51 pm EDT

髪の毛から醤油２

http://yinyang.cocolog-nifty.com/showndough/2004/01/post_21.html

髪の毛から醤油？

http://finance.sina.com.cn/x/20040104/1816589009.shtml

リンク

新浪網から見た日本

新浪網からみた日本

ＢＢＳの元記事

本日夕方、日本で強い地震が発生　現在のところ死傷の報道は無し （２００３年５月２６日１８：００　中国新聞網）
中国地震観測台網は本日、日本本州近海の７．０級の地震を観測

中国新聞網５月２６日　電
法新社の報道によると、月曜日日本の北部で非常に強い地震が発生した。
東京でも２分間続けて強い揺れを感じた。

日本の公共放送ＮＨＫの報道によると、
現地時間今日午後６時２４分（北京時間午後５時２４分）に地震が発生。
震央は東京から北に約３００キロ。
ＮＨＫの現場のテレビ画面は激しく揺れた。現在のところ死傷に関するニュースは無い。
今回の地震は日本の震度基準で６であった。
この基準の最高は７とされている。（記者　固山）

http://news.sina.com.cn/w/2003-05-26/1800158561s.shtml

　

　

Ｎｏ．1

（人類への災難には常に同情するが、日本人は例外だ。）

（コメント）いえいえ、まだ日本“人”としていただけるだけでマシです。

　

Ｎｏ．2

（素晴らしく良い。）

（コメント）そうですね。死者が出なかったのは幸いでしたね。
　　　　　　って、違うんだろうな、きっと。

　

Ｎｏ．3

（さっさと絶滅しろ！！！！！！！！！！！！！！）

（コメント）

　

Ｎｏ．4

（よし！よし！日本の島の上には人類はいるのかい？）

（コメント）たぶん、いると思います。

　

Ｎｏ．5

（まったく、どうしてくたばんないのか！！！小日本は死ぬべきだ！！！！！！！！！）

（コメント）どうしてでしょうかね。

　

Ｎｏ．6

（日本という国家は遅かれ早かれアジアの国々が連合して滅ぼす！）

（コメント）どのアジアの国々ですか？

　

Ｎｏ．7

（日本島は地震の後いくつか残して、絶滅したんじゃ？）

（コメント）

　

Ｎｏ．8

（地震で怪我をした無辜の庶民に同情します！！！！！！！！！
しかし軍国主義者が死んだなら！！彼等の死は喜ばしい！！！）

（コメント）

　

Ｎｏ．9

（日本の建築を見てみろ、災害の被害をこんな程度に抑えてる。
――――我々の建築はこんな地震でどれくらい立っていられるだろうか？？？？）

（コメント）そうです。そういう心配をしたほうがいいと思います。

　

Ｎｏ．10

（どう表現したらいいかな？一文字で”爽”だな。）

（コメント）爽やかそうですね。

　

Ｎｏ．11

（地震で死ね、日本のイヌッコロ！ハハハ！）

（コメント）楽しそうですね。

　

Ｎｏ．12

（私は日本人が嫌いだ。ただ、どのようなことでも他人の死傷は望まない。）

（コメント）

　

Ｎｏ．13

（日本人は恨むべきであるが、このようなことはする必要が無い。ちょっとおかしいかな。）

（コメント）まともな人間の感覚だと思います。

　

Ｎｏ．14

（他人の不幸を喜ぶことは無能で智恵の無い者のやること、
でも中国にはそういう人がほんとに少なくないんだよね。）

（コメント）そうですか。大変ですね。

　

Ｎｏ．15

（ハハハ、よく揺れたな～～～）

（コメント）一度体験してみては如何ですか？

　

Ｎｏ．16

（心が狭いと言ってもいいし、馬鹿だと言ってもいい、何と言ってもいいが、
とにかくこういう類のニュースを目にするのは楽しいんだよな。
日本が地震で沈没したらいいのに。）

（コメント）じゃあ、言ってあげましょう。「馬鹿ですね。」

　

Ｎｏ．17

（歴史上の日本の中国への危害が大きいことや、今日に至るまで当時の悪行をを認めないことから、彼等の国内での不幸に対して中国人として同情する事は困難だが、ここで他人の不幸を喜ぶような話をすることは、自分を“糞青”という罵るようなものだから、中立を保つのが一番良いんだろうな。）

（コメント）地震のニュースで中立も何もないと思いますが。

　

Ｎｏ．18

（８級以上の大地震よ、あと１０回ぐらい来い！
この邪悪で悪魔の国家を消滅させろ！！）

（コメント）

　

Ｎｏ．19

（他人の不幸を喜んではいけない。日本人に好感は持てないけどね。）

（コメント）

　

Ｎｏ．20

（人類への災難にはいつも同情するし、日本に対しても例外ではない。中国のＳＡＲＳに日本は多くの無償援助をしてくれた。他人の災難に対して喜んでいるウェブ上の愛国人士はそれよりもさらに人間性があるというのだろうか？君等はそうやって愛国を行うのか？）

（コメント）

　

Ｎｏ．21

（おまえはそんなに馬鹿正直にすべての日本人が中国に同情したと思ってるのか？
そんな無償援助は形式にすぎないんだよ。クソ！！！）

（コメント）

　

Ｎｏ．22

（おいおい、善良な中国人にとって１７億が何になる。戦争の賠償か？
日本人はダメだ。）

（コメント）あのー、大変申し上げにくいのですが
　　　　　　１７億どころか３兆近くお渡ししているんですが・・・。
　　　　　　まあ賠償じゃないけど。でもいらないって言ったのは誰？

　

Ｎｏ．23

（東京を消滅させろ）

（コメント）

　

Ｎｏ．24

（さっさと沈没しろ）

（コメント）

　

Ｎｏ．25

（どうして１０級の大地震が来ないのか、日本を永遠に海底に沈めておけ！！！（略）
地震をもっと激しくなれ！！！！！！！！！！！！！）

（コメント）「！」が多くて力が入ってますね。

　

Ｎｏ．26

（よくぞ揺れた！！！
悪魔を太平洋の中に地震で沈めれば最高だ！！！！！！！）

（コメント）そうですね、悪魔なら沈めたほうがいいかもしれませんね。
　　　　　　霊感の無い私には見えませんけど。

Collision of the fanatic nationalism both in Japan and China.

The sentences below are found on the BBS, "2-channel".

Ten important facts about fucking Chinese

1. Chinese people’s fundamental attitude toward the others is nothing more than rude. They are shameless, greedy, and liar.
2. They are dirty beggar. The people’s republic of China receives thousands of million dollars from Japan. Nevertheless, they do not recognize the fact.
3. They love to eat everything, including insects, shits, cadavers, fresh baby, and so on. Sooner or later, they may eat everything on the earth. They act like harmful insects.
4. They are most cruelest people, never ever seen in human history. They are estimated to have killed more than million Tibetan people. It is ridiculous that such Chinese blame Japan for the former war, isn’t it?
5. They have childish mentality and are less civilized, as if barbarian. Fucking behavior of Chinese people in Asia cup 2004 is representative.
6. They export vicious criminals to all over the world. Most of Chinese in Japan have relationship with crimes to a greater or lesser extent. They are natural born criminals.
7. The constitution and system of the Chinese government are as if those of the Middle age. The government possess right to do censorship, torture, and kill even the citizens. The people’s republic of China is far unrelated to democracy, despite the name of country. –what a black joke!
8. Corruption is a nature of Chinese.
9. Their history education is composed of a dreamful fantasy, paranoid and morbid fabrication. They may even educate children that they are residents of the heaven. Fuck off. It’s hell that they must go, not the heaven.
10. Now, the world have reached to consensus- China should be eradicated.